Peptide Library

Absorbed Pro-Hyp and Hyp-Gly appear to act as signals to fibroblasts and chondrocytes, increasing collagen, elastin and proteoglycan synthesis; also supplies glycine and proline as building blocks

Different fragments do different things: some inhibit ACE (blood-pressure enzyme), some stimulate insulin and GLP-1, some act as weak opioid or antimicrobial peptides; GMP is a phenylalanine-free protein source

IPP/VPP inhibit ACE; casomorphins are weak opioid-receptor agonists; CPP bind calcium; α-casozepine binds GABA-A receptors in vitro (benzodiazepine-like)

Binds de-acetylated histones and inhibits histone acetylation in cell nuclei (an epigenetic brake), inhibits core-histone acetylation and integrin signalling; also reported to reduce HMG-CoA reductase expression

Fractions inhibit ACE and DPP-4 in vitro, modulate lipid metabolism (β-conglycinin-derived peptides lower hepatic fat in rodents), and act as fast-absorbed amino-acid sources for muscle

Marine collagen acts like other collagen peptides (Pro-Hyp / Hyp-Gly signalling to fibroblasts); FPH fractions inhibit ACE, modulate bile acids and may improve glucose handling — mostly animal data

Buffer acid, chelate metals, quench reactive carbonyls and aldehydes, and (anserine) resist breakdown by serum carnosinase better than carnosine, so may deliver HCD activity to tissues